MKTG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

MKTG - Essay Example This affiliation is situated in the United States yet in addition to the fact that it has individuals in this nation, yet it likewise has individuals in another forty eight nations and a significant number of these are the absolute biggest organizations and charitable associations on the planet. Direct Marketing Association’s work isn't just done at a nearby level, its advertising efforts are likewise done at a provincial, national, and universal level and this is one reason that this affiliation is one of the best of its sort around the world. The demonstrable skill of its staff empowers it to contend successfully against different affiliations and truth be told, it gives it an edge over them. The degree of its rival relationship in the showcasing industry just assists with indicating the top nature of work that is done at Direct Marketing. This is an affiliation, which any skillful association on the planet would seek to join; this is on the grounds that it would be an assurance of its achievement in the present and what's to come. Showcasing Pilgrim was set up as a site where promoting experts might secure positions that they needed in advertising organizations. This webpage has throughout the years since its establishing got one of the most mainstream showcasing work sheets on the web. Since it is a main site in promoting, this is the place most organizations and different establishments go to when they have to obtain individuals in advertising and scholastics in a similar field. The Marketing Pilgrim site guarantees that its customers keep awake to date with the present showcasing information, preparing, and devices, which not just empower them to prevail in their professions, yet in addition causes them get data of significant worth and advantageous associations. This site persistently enhances and creates as per the adjustments in the advertising scene on the planet and it does this for helping its customers keep up to speed of things with the goal that they don't lose any chances if there are any

Business Academic Skills Business Internship

Question: Examine about the Business Academic Skills for Business Internship. Answer: A few scientists have inspected the effect of temporary positions on the profession of the college understudies. Coco, Truong and Kaupins (2013) have outlined the points of interest and burdens of the entry level position program for the college understudies. The creators are of the assessment that the temporary job program would help the understudies in picking up the direct experience identified with the assignments to such an extent that they can figure out how to handle and resolve the issues and issues identified with work. While, the significant drawback is the absence of clear desires identified with the program and the absence of blend in the organization (Coco, Truong and Kaupins 2013). Dobratz, Singh and Abbey (2014) have contended that the entry level position program in business educational plans is these days, alluded to as just a choice instead of a prerequisite. By setting up a connection between the entry level positions and the enterprise, the creators have argued th e colleges to consolidate the temporary jobs into the business enterprise instruction programs attributable to the upside of the entry level position in improving the understudy encounters and the achievement of business people too. Carson (2013) has outlined the difficulties as looked by the understudies and the businesses during the enrollment procedure inferable from the absence of related knowledge, information and aptitudes in the understudies identified with the work. The creator has along these lines, contended that the one stop answer for this circumstance is by presenting the understudies to the enterprise condition and work culture with the end goal that to empower them in picking up the significant encounters and scholarly credit all the while. This must be conceivable by building up temporary position programs at the lesser and senior level scholarly courses (Carson 2013). In this manner, from the contentions as expressed by the scientists, it could be obvious that the f inal product of the business entry level position program elevates the capability of the understudies for effective new pursuit creation. References Carson, L. (2013). Overcoming any issues: Internships can profit understudies and employers.Public Relations Society of America. [online] Available at: https://913868_1145526376_Article3.pdf. Coco, M., Truong, A. what's more, Kaupins, G., 2013. Understudy AND COMPANY REACTIONS TO A UNIVERSITY INTERNSHIP PROGRAM: CONTENT ANALYSIS.International Journal of Education Research,8(1). Dobratz, C.L., Singh, R.P. what's more, Abbey, A., 2014. Utilizing FORMAL INTERNSHIPS TO IMPROVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION PROGRAMS.Journal of Entrepreneurship Education,17(2), p.62.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism OCD Types Print Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Perfectionism By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 19, 2019 portishead1 / Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions Has anyone ever accused you of trying to be better than perfect? Perfectionism alone is difficult enough to cope with, but its also long been thought to play a role in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and other forms of mental illness. Let’s explore the relationship between OCD and perfectionism. What Is Perfectionism? Before we talk about perfectionism and OCD, its important to define what is meant by perfectionism. Perfectionism, to some degree, is beneficial for a person in society. When contrasted with the alternative, perfectionistic tendencies are preferable to slob tendencies. How can you know what is good (and not only good but ideal) and what is not? Research on perfectionism has indicated that there are two main types of perfectionism:?? Adaptive/Healthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by having high standards for yourself as well as others, persistence in the face of adversity, and conscientiousness. Healthy perfectionism usually goes along with goal-directed behavior and good organizational skills.Maladaptive/Unhealthy Perfectionism: This type of perfectionism is characterized by excessive preoccupation with past mistakes, fears about making new mistakes, doubts about whether you are doing something correctly and being heavily invested in the high expectations of others, such as parents or employers. An excessive preoccupation with control is also a hallmark feature of maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism. In general, while adaptive/healthy perfectionism tends to be associated with good psychological well-being and high achievement both at school and at work, maladaptive/unhealthy perfectionism has been associated with distress, low-self esteem and symptoms of mental illness.?? Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Perfectionism The unhealthy form of perfectionism has been strongly linked to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD.)?? Perfectionism appears to be particularly strong if you have a strong need for things to be done “just right” or require certainty.?? For example, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be very high if you feel that your compulsions have to be done in exactly the right way. In these cases, it is not uncommon to believe that if the compulsion is carried out perfectly, a feared outcome, such as the death of a loved one, will not take place. Likewise, unhealthy perfectionism tends to be high if your OCD symptoms revolve around checking.?? Specifically, if you do not feel you have perfect certainty that you have locked the door or turned off the stove, you might return to check these items over and over again. Tied to this is the excessive fear of making a catastrophic mistake, such as leaving the door open all day or burning down the house by leaving the stove on. Ironically, checking over and over again reinforces the idea that you are not perfect or possibly even losing your mind. This can make you feel even worse and less self-confident which, of course, sets you up to do more checking. Finally, unhealthy OCD perfectionism may help to perpetuate obsessions.?? For instance, like many people with OCD you might believe that you must have complete control over your thoughts. As such, when a bizarre or distressing thought pops intrusively into your mind, you label these thoughts as dangerous because they are out of your control. This causes you to monitor the thought even more closely, which can help to create an obsession. Tips for Dealing With OCD Perfectionism What can you do to cope with OCD perfectionism? The first step is to recognize OCD in yourself as well as your perfectionistic tendencies. Talking with a therapist is an excellent way to gain a greater understanding of your condition, and provides the feedback needed as you work to reduce the impact on your life. There are a few things which can work particularly well in coping: Learn Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques: Techniques such as cognitive restructuring and behavioral experiments can be helpful in learning to objectively evaluate the likelihood and/or consequences of making catastrophic or even minor mistakes.?? Cognitive therapy can also be a useful tool for critically examining the beliefs we hold about ourselves and others.Practice Giving up Control: As part of cognitive-behavior therapy and/or exposure and response prevention therapy, you may be asked to participate in exercises designed to build your capacity to tolerate a loss of control. This can involve being prevented from checking something or adjusting something until it is just right. Although this can initially be extremely distressing, over time you will gain more confidence in your ability to tolerate a loss of control.Adopt a Mindful Stance: Mindfulness emphasizes being less “invested” in our thoughts. Accepting that we have less control than we think over our thoughts can be very h elpful in reducing the distress that often accompanies intrusive thoughts. Mindfulness meditation exercises can help to promote a more objective awareness of our day-to-day thoughts and emotions.?? Living and Coping With OCD Perfectionism Just as its likely that many of the self-help behaviors that help people cope with OCD may also help with perfectionism, specifically addressing perfectionism related to the condition is likely to help with many aspects of the disorder. Techniques that help overachievers address perfectionism may also make a difference with OCD. Perhaps the most important point of noting the role of perfectionism with OCD, however, is to recognize how OCD is different for everyone, and whatever personality traits a person has can come to play in the disorder. Only a therapist who knows you well and understands both OCD and appreciates you as a person can best help you navigate your journey through life with OCD.

The Spinal Cord Anatomy

Architectural Styles Of The Ottoman Empire - 993 Words

Distinguishable characteristics like the form, method of construction, regional features, and the materials used to make a building or any other construction, which helps in identifying that structure amongst others are what comprise an architectural style. Architectural styles have a vast diversity as they represent changes in beliefs, religion, fashion, and the invention of new technology over a broad time period. Over the ages, different empires would rule over a region with each ruler of those empires having their own unique perspective on their religion. Subsequently, when new empires would come in power, they would then take inspiration from the previous empire’s architecture and add or remove characteristics from the architecture based on their personal religious perspectives. In the same way, the Ottoman empire was influenced by styles of architecture from the preceding empires, namely the Byzantine, Iranian, and Islamic architectural styles. As a result, the Ottoman empire’s architectural style has resemblances with the Romanesque architecture, which is a blend of the ancient Roman and Byzantine architectures. And it also has similarities with the Gothic architecture which was heavily influenced by the Romanesque architecture and subsequently by the Renaissance architecture. However, all three of these architectural styles also have their differences due to individual religious perspectives. The Byzantine architecture made with architectural traditions of theShow MoreRelated Ottoman Architecture Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs, and architecture are among the few that actually do last. Architecture can be defined as a practice of constructing and designing a building project. However, the Islamic architecture has a distinctive range of both religious and secular styles that have been influenced by the Islamic culture. Furthermore, The structure of Islamic architecture that is used in mosques, tombs, palaces and fountains is unavoidable in sight. The relationship between early Islamic architecture and modern foundationRead More The Great Mosque of Istanbul Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesnot one but two great empires, Istanbul has inherited a number of historical gems. The most apparent of these gems are the sultanic mosques spread across the city. While numerous in number, each mosque tells a different story through its art and architectural elements. They all sha re, however, triumphs in construction and architectural planning. Through their minarets, pointed arches, and abundance of luxurious building materials, these mosques exemplify the power of the empires they were born out ofRead MoreThe Selimiye Mosque1851 Words   |  8 Pagesduring the middle of the Ottoman Dynasty and remains a structure that highlights not only Ottoman architecture, but Islamic architecture. The Ottoman Empire has a long history spanning over 600 years. The Turks were first pushed from their home in Central Asian and relocated to Western Anatolia. Originally the Turks were a nomadic tribe living on the prairie. Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul or Osman I, a Ghazi warrior, founded what would become the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire acquired lead during theRead MoreThe Selimiye Mosque1830 Words   |  8 Pagesduring the middle of the Ottoman Dynasty it remains a structure that highlights not only Ottoman architecture, but Islamic architecture. The Ottoman Empire has a long history spaning over 600 years. The Turks were first pushed from their home in Central Asian and relocated to Western Anatolia. Originally the Turks were a nomadic tribe living on the prairie. Osman Gazi ben Ertugrul or Osman I a Ghazi warrior founded what would become the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire acquired their footing duringRead MoreElements Of Islamic Culture And The Dome1989 Words   |  8 Pagesconsidered one of the most important architectural elements in Islamic culture and the dome became a very important architectural element during the Ottoman time period and many of these domes drew from earlier Islamic and the Hellenistic Roman world. The dome is one of the most important elements of the Ottoman time period and they were known for being one of the main cultures in history to incorporate domes as a main component in their architecture. Ottomans used domes in mosques (the largest domesRead MoreThe Creations Of One Of My Favourite Int erior Designers1319 Words   |  6 Pagesdesigns are a mixture of our heritage, the Ottoman Empire, with the contemporary world today. I will use my knowledge and combine it with research I have found online, in books and from the press she has received by her wondrous architecture pieces. Through my research, I have learnt that the materials typically used for a minbar in a mosque is iron, as its easily carved to any shape or form. Furthermore, the colour gold is highly used to give off a Royal Ottoman aura because it illustrates wealth andRead MoreThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 PagesProf. Andrea Donovan â€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. Finally, list at least six individuals and their work that provides examples from your discussion.† Comprehensive Essay The transition of art (incorporating the art spanning from paintings and architecture)Read MoreThe Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The Gothic Age Through The Renaissance1261 Words   |  6 PagesProf. Andrea Donovan â€Å"Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance. Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the cultural or social influences. Finally, list at least six individuals and their work that provides examples from your discussion.† Comprehensive Essay The transition of art (incorporating the art spanning from paintings and architecture)Read MoreThe Empire Of The Ottoman Empire3539 Words   |  15 PagesThree of the greatest empire in the history the ottomans in turkey, the Safavids in Persia and the Mughals in the Indian subcontinent emerged in the Muslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuries. These three greatest empire resulted in a powerful cultural interaction. The empires expanded their power and thus Turkish, Mongol and Arab ways of life blended. It resulted in a flowering of Islamic culture that raised higher in the 16th centuries. The empires ruled through Islamic Sariah’s. TheyRead MoreThe Byzantine Empire897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Byzantine Empire was a primarily Christian empire whose reign started in 330 A.D and ended in 1453 A.D with the capturing of the its capital Constantinople by the Muslim Sultan Mehmed II. In the years following the fall of the Byzantines, many of the Christian basilicas were transformed into mosques for Islamic worship, inspiring many artists to create works that embodied their religious politics. One of the pieces created following the fall of the Byzantine Empire is Yusuf Fleeing Zulayhka,

History of Worldcup Free Essays

string(104) " Europe for the 1934 and 1938 tournaments, with Brazil the only South American team to compete in both\." INTRODUCTION The FIFA World Cup, often simply the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men’s national teams of the members of Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport’s global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champions are Spain, who won the 2010 tournament. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Worldcup or any similar topic only for you Order Now The current format of the tournament involves 32 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month; this phase is often called the World Cup Finals. A qualification phase, which currently takes place over the preceding three years, is used to determine which teams qualify for the tournament together with the host nation(s). The 19 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Italy, with four titles; Germany, with three titles; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France, and Spain, with one title each. The World Cup is the world’s most widely viewed sporting event; an estimated 715. 1 million people watched the final match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany. The next three World Cups will be hosted by Brazil in 2014, Russia in 2018, and Qatar in 2022. HISTORY DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD CUP | | The world’s first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England, which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural edition of the British Home Championship, took place in 1884. As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the turn of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics (however, the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events), and at the 1906 Intercalated Games. After FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure. At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official competition. Planned by The Football Association (FA), England’s football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm. With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each one of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup, and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy, Germany and Switzerland, but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team. In 1914, FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a â€Å"world football championship for amateurs†, and took responsibility for managing the event. This paved the way for the world’s first intercontinental football competition, at the 1920 Summer Olympics, contested by Egypt and thirteen European teams, and won by Belgium. 8] Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928. Those were also the first two open world championships, as 1924 was the start of FIFA’s professional BEGINNING OF WORLD CUP Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international t ournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself. 9] With Uruguay now two-time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930, FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament. The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team, but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides. Indeed, no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition. Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium, France, Romania, and Yugoslavia to make the trip. In total thirteen nations took part: seven from South America, four from Europe and two from North America. The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930, and were won by France and USA, who defeated Mexico 4–1 and Belgium 3–0 respectively. The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France. In the final, Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo, and in doing so became the first nation to win the World Cup. [11] World Cups before SECOND WORLD WAR After the creation of the World Cup, the 1932 Summer Olympics, held in Los Angeles, did not plan to include football as part of the schedule due to the low popularity of the sport in the United States, as American football had been growing in popularity. FIFA and the IOC also disagreed over the status of amateur players, and so football was dropped from the Games. Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics, but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup. The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel, and war. Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 and 1938 tournaments, with Brazil the only South American team to compete in both. You read "History of Worldcup" in category "Essay examples" The 1942 and 1946 competitions, which Nazi Germany and Brazil sought to host, were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath. World Cups after SECOND WORLD WAR The 1950 World Cup, held in Brazil, was the first to include British participants. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football, but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA’s invitation. The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay, who had boycotted the previous two World Cups. Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil, in the match called â€Å"Maracanazo† (Portuguese: Maracanaco). In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978, 16 teams competed in each tournament, except in 1938, when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying, leaving the tournament with 15 teams, and in 1950, when India, Scotland and Turkey withdrew, leaving the tournament with 13 teams. 16] Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America, with a small minority from North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams. Until 1982, the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were: USA, semi-finalists in 1930; Cuba, quarter-finalists in 1938; Korea DPR, quarter-finalists in 1966; and Mexico, quarter-finalists i n 1970. The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982,[17] and then to 32 in 1998,[18] also allowing more teams from Africa, Asia and North America to take part. Since then, teams from these regions have enjoyed more success, with several having reached the quarter-finals: Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1986; Cameroon, quarter-finalists in 1990; Korea Republic, finishing in fourth place in 2002; Senegal, along with USA, both quarter-finalists in 2002; and Ghana as quarter-finalists in 2010. Nevertheless, European and South American teams continue to dominate, e. g. , the quarter-finalists in 1994, 1998 and 2006 were all from Europe or South America. Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. [19] THE AWARDS AND TROPHY From 1930 to 1970, the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winner. It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde, but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament. In 1970, Brazil’s third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently. However, the trophy was stolen in 1983, and has never been recovered, apparently melted down by the thieves. [23] After 1970, a new trophy, known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy, was designed. The experts of FIFA, coming from seven different countries, evaluated the 53 presented models, finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga. The new trophy is 36 cm (14. 2 in) high, made of solid 18 carat (75%) gold and weighs 6. 175 kg (13. 6 lb). The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974. The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was: â€Å"The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory. â€Å"[24] This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently. World Cup winners retain the trophy until the next tournament and are awarded a gold-plated replica rather than the solid gold original. [25] At the present, all members (players, coaches, and managers) of the top three eams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy; winners’ (gold), runner-ups’ (silver), and third-place (bronze). In the 2002 edition, fourth-place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea. Prior to the 1978 tournament, medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third-place match. In November 2007, FIFA announced that all members of World Cup-winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners’ medals. [26][27][28] Format AND STRUCTURE Since the second World Cup in 1934, qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament. 29] They are held within the six FIFA continental zones (Africa, Asia, North and Central America and Caribbean, South America, Oceania, and Europe), overseen by their respective confederations. For each tournament, FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand, generally based on the relative strength of the confederations’ teams. The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two-year period. The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations. Usually, one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play-offs. For example, the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth-placed team from the Asian zone entered a play-off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup. [30] From the 1938 World Cup onwards, host nations received automatic qualification to the final tournament. This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002, but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward, requiring the champions to qualify. Brazil, winners in 2002, were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches. [31] The current final tournament features 32 national teams competing over a month in the host nation(s). There are two stages: the group stage followed by the knockout stage. [32] In the group stage, teams compete within eight groups of four teams each. Eight teams are seeded, including the hosts, with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and/or performances in recent World Cups, and drawn to separate groups. [33] The other teams are assigned to different â€Å"pots†, usually based on geographical criteria, and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups. Since 1998, constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation. [34] Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams. [35] The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points). THE HOSTS OF WORLD CUP Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA’s congress. The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat. The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing. [37] The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed, as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup. [38] Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup, to avoid future boycotts or controversy, FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe, which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The 2002 FIFA World Cup, hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan, was the first one held in Asia, and the only tournament with multiple hosts. 39] South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010. The 2014 FIFA World Cup will be hosted by Brazil, the first held in South America since 1978,[40] and will be the first occasion where consecutive World Cups are held outside Europe. The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA’s Executive Committee. This is done under an exhaustive ballot system. The national football ass ociation of a country desiring to host the event receives a â€Å"Hosting Agreement† from FIFA, which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid. The bidding association also receives a form, the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy. After this, a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced. The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament. However, there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time, as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, which were awarded to Russia and Qatar respectively. For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups, the final tournament is rotated between confederations, allowing only countries from the chosen confederation (Africa in 2010, South America in 2014) to bid to host the tournament. The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany’s victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament. However, the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014, so any country, except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments, can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018. 41] This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament, where Brazil was the only official bidder. Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament. Sweden (runners-up in 1958), Chile (third place in 1962), Korea Republic (fourth place in 2002), and Mexico (quarter-finals in 1970 and 1986) all have their best results when serving as hosts. S o far, South Africa (2010) was the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round. Organisation and media coverage The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games. The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26. 29 billion. [1] 715. 1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament (a ninth of the entire population of the planet). The 2006 World Cup draw, which decided the distribution of teams into groups, was watched by 300 million viewers. [42] Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo. World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot. [43] Recent World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each World Cup. CONCLUSION To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by European and South American teams. European nations have won ten titles; South American teams have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: USA (North, Central America and Caribbean) in 1930 and Korea Republic (Asia) who reached the semis in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990, Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010. Only one Oceanian qualifier, Australia in 2006, has advanced to the second round. [51] Brazil, Argentina, and Spain are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation; Brazil came out victorious in Europe (1958), North America (1970 and 1994) and Asia (2002), Argentina won a North American World Cup in 1986, while Spain won the only African World Cup in 2010. Only on three occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent – Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Spain’s 2010 triumph followed Italy’s in 2006. Among the national teams, Germany have played the most World Cup matches, with 99,[66] while Brazil have scored the most World Cup goals, with 210. [67] The two teams have played each other only once in the World Cup, in the 2002 final. RERENCESS How to cite History of Worldcup, Essay examples

Peterborough and District Youth League Essay Example

Peterborough and District Youth League Essay I cannot be critical of these leagues because they provide good, structured competitive football for everyone and varied abilities. Every age group has 3 divisions because of this I would say you can play competitive football no matter what skill level you play at. Although there is one way I could criticise these league because the league finishes late in February which is a huge gap until the new start in September, if this was my league I would increase the length of the season to allow the players to compete more often without the massive gap. High quality football locally is limited. This is only the third year the Peterborough centre of excellence has been running after it was shut down 6 years ago due to lack of funding at the club. This gap caused many good standard players to look elsewhere for further development in football.  In Peterborough are only small amounts of disability football. There is one disabled football club for senior and junior age groups in Peterborough the clubs is called Netherton United. The closest disabled league is ran in Cambridge. The junior league in the area is the Cambridge Ability Counts League, This league enables competitive opportunities for disability teams. The league allows all disabled players to take part in structured games against other teams across the county. We will write a custom essay sample on Peterborough and District Youth League specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peterborough and District Youth League specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peterborough and District Youth League specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The league consists of festivals throughout the season with scores being made into a league table. Histon Hornets, Wisbech St Marys, Castle, Cambs Deaf Utd, St Ives Rangers and Netherton Utd all take part in the fixtures. There is also a disabled league for senior players, which is the Eastern Region Ability Counts League.  There is a lot of provision for womens football in Peterborough. There are quite a few teams all ranging in ability levels, with the top team being Peterborough ladies and the lower ends being teams such as Netherton United. There is quite a few leagues that the teams in the area play in, both for juniors and seniors. The problem is though that these leagues also incorporate teams from further afield meaning more travel is required, however this can also be advantageous as the quality of opponent will be greater. There are 4 junior leagues in the area in which city teams play in.An example of funding locally would be Hampton FC. Hampton Football Club has a variety of sponsors. The club ranges from under 8s to under 18s, each age group at the club have different sponsors. Overall the club is sponsored by Serpentine Green, who have sponsored the club and brought the club kit since 2OO7. Facilities for the lower level of performance are relatively strong in Peterborough. There is lots of local Sunday league football clubs that have good facilities in the area, a brilliant example of this would be Netherton Uniteds facilities at the grange. There are also facilities that are council owned in the area, for example bushfield astro turf and Powerleague, which has numerous 5 a side leagues. Peterborough doesnt have any great facilities. There is not a lot of high level coaching in the local area; however there is alot of coaching at community level. So for a player that has just had just taken up the sport there are many coaches but the problems come when a player is looking to improve as a performer. High quality coaching in Peterborough is very limited with Peterborough and Cambridge united having the only development centres in the city.  Peterboroughs local FA are committed to promoting and developing referees and refereeing the County, Cambridgeshire FA and Huntingdon FA offer courses for new referees throughout the year.

Betters and Bettors

Betters and Bettors Betters and Bettors Betters and Bettors By Mark Nichol Is there a connection between better, which is sometimes employed as a noun, among other parts of speech, and the noun bettor? This post explains their etymological origins and lists and defines related words. Better is primarily an adjective, from Old English bettra (and, previously, betera), meaning â€Å"superior.† It can also mean â€Å"more advantageous or favorable,† â€Å"improved,† or â€Å"greater than half† (as in â€Å"the better part of an hour†). The adjective better pertains to doing something to a greater degree or with higher quality or can replace more (â€Å"She was doing better than twenty miles per hour†) or preferably (â€Å"It’s better left where it is†). As a verb, better means â€Å"make more acceptable or complete† or â€Å"improve on† (as in â€Å"The runner will try to better his personal record in the event†). It also serves as an auxiliary verb, one that supports another verb, as in â€Å"You had better get going,† sometimes with the first verb elided. The noun better means â€Å"advantage† (â€Å"Don’t let him get the better of you†), â€Å"something superior† (â€Å"We expected better of her†), or â€Å"someone of higher rank or status† (â€Å"I was told to respect my betters†). Better is also a variant of bettor, meaning â€Å"someone who makes bets.† The origin of bet, meaning â€Å"wager† (as a noun) or â€Å"wage† (as a verb), is uncertain, but it could be from abet, meaning â€Å"incite† or â€Å"urge on.† More likely, however, it is from the obsolete English word beet, meaning â€Å"make good† and related to better. Either way, it began as criminal slang; the affirming phrase â€Å"You bet† (even more informally, â€Å"You betcha†) is also slang, though not of unsavory origins. Two additional words based on better are betterment, meaning â€Å"an act of becoming or making better† or referring to an instance of property improvement, and the adjective bettermost, meaning â€Å"superior.† Better, however, generally suffices as a comparative that stands between good (which supplanted the Old English word bot, meaning â€Å"advantage†) and the superlative best. (Bot does survive in the phrase â€Å"to boot,† meaning â€Å"in addition.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Collagen Facts and Functions

Collagen Facts and Functions Collagen is a protein made up of amino acids that are found in the human body. Heres a look at what collagen is and how it is used in the body. Collagen Facts Like all proteins, collagen consists of amino acids, organic molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Collagen actually is a family of proteins rather than one specific protein, plus it is a complex molecule, so you wont see a simple chemical structure for it. Usually, youll see diagrams showing collagen as a fiber. It is the most common protein in humans and other mammals, making up 25% to 35% of the total protein content of your body. Fibroblasts are the cells that most commonly produce collagen. The word collagen comes from the Greek word kolla, which means glue.80-90% of collagen in the human body consists of types I, II, and IIIÂ  collagen, although at least 16 different forms of the protein are known.Gram for gram, type I collagen is stronger than steel!Collagen used for medical purposes need not be human collagen. The protein may also be obtained from pigs, cattle, and sheep.Collagen may be applied to wounds to serve as a scaffold on which new cells can form, thus improving healing.Because collagen is such a large protein, it is not absorbed through the skin. Topical products that contain collagen cant actually deliver any of it below the skin surface to replenish damaged or aging tissue. However, topical vitamin A and related compounds do promote collagen production. Functions of Collagen Collagen fibers support body tissues, plus collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports cells. Collagen and keratin give the skin its strength, waterproofing, and elasticity. Loss of collagen is a cause of wrinkles. Collagen production declines with age, plus the protein can be damaged by smoking, sunlight, and other forms of oxidative stress. Connective tissue consists primarily of collagen. Collagen forms fibrils that provide the structure for fibrous tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin. Collagen also is found in cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the cornea of the eye, intervertebral discs, muscles, and the gastrointestinal tract. Other Uses of Collagen Collagen-based animal glues may be made by boiling the skin and sinews of animals. Collagen is one of the proteins that give strength and flexibility to animal hides and leather. Collagen is used in cosmetic treatments and burn surgery. Some sausage casings are made from this protein. Collagen is used to produce gelatin. Gelatin is hydrolyzed collagen. It is used in gelatin desserts (e.g., Jell-O) and marshmallows. More About Collagen In addition to being a key component of the human body, collagen is an ingredient commonly found in food. Gelatin relies on collagen to set. In fact, gelatin can even be made using human collagen. However, certain chemicals can interfere with collagen cross-linking. For example, fresh pineapple can ruin Jell-O. Because collagen is an animal protein, theres some disagreement over whether foods made with collagen, such as marshmallows and gelatin, are considered vegetarian.

International Involvement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Involvement Paper - Essay Example In principle, each state must mind its own business and must respect the business of other independent states. However, in practice, this was not as easy as it seemed because these states related to each other in matters of commercial, political, cultural or humanitarian interests. Pickett (p. 13-14) added that the educational training and mental biases of historians of international relations affected their analysis of how America’s government behaved during the period. Pickett’s short article covered the whole period from the success of the American Revolution in the late 18th century to the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 20th century. Having gained independence from England, the young American state continued to be concerned with the matter of how to guarantee its survival against European nations that were always intent on imperialism or the expansion of their respective empires through conquest. Newly independent from imperialist England, America faced a quandary throughout most of the nineteenth century that touched on the young state’s conscience: since conquest meant having to go against the freedom of other peoples and their governments, how could America justify its involvement in international affairs that may involve going to war? Pickett (1992, p. 14) cited the importance of the Monroe Doctrine as â€Å"the first and – in the nineteenth century – the most important American diplomatic principle. Through the Doctrine the United States first asserted interests in the Western Hemisphere.† The Monroe Doctrine, based on an 1823 Congressional address by President James Monroe, called for U.S. indifference to European affairs and for European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere or the Americas. Thus, until the late nineteenth century, America’s policy was not to engage other nations, i.e., to be internationally isolationist. Several events in the

Analysing the external environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysing the external environment - Essay Example The external environment is able to determine a business’s success or failure; that is why it is extremely important for businesses to carefully analyse it. The function of monitoring external environments serves to track any type of progress in commercial trends of known import. A number of external elements can be affected by company advertising, while others call for the business to implement changes (Daft, 2010:111). It is vital to monitor the fundamental components of a businesss external environment. Tactical business planning is essential in discovering new opportunities, as well as in reducing the potential impact of potential threats. In the past, companies that have neglected to keep an eye on the market have suffered heavy setbacks. A good example is Eastman Kodak which nearly became obsolete because it was unable to foresee the popularity of digital cameras (Harris, 2003:106). External tactical management assessments supply the management with premeditated plans that seek for opportunities and reduce the effects of threats. An external strategic proposal should include the following points: 1. Study external forces: It is important for a business to collect information concerning the political, economic, cultural, social, technological, and legal factors of its community. It should also take into account any changes in consumer demographics and seek to make sure that it gets its information from trustworthy sources. Companies should mainly use primary data, with other sources of secondary information being made use of sparingly. 2. Assess the competition: A company should gather competitive intelligence on its business rivals. The statistics gathered should include the distribution channels, plans for gaining more customers, and their value chain arrangement (Dibben, Wood and Roper, 2004:92). In this, a company will be able to determine how its competitors benefit from advantages that it might

Public Transport And Traffic In Penang Tourism Essay

Public Transport And Traffic In Penang Tourism Essay Chapter 1 Infrastructure is a broad concept linked to every facet of the economy and human life. Accordingly, the list of associated issues is long. For any purposeful analysis of issues in infrastructure development to lead to an action-oriented way forward, it is necessary to narrow down the definition of infrastructure and associated issues. The term infrastructure has been used since 1927 to refer collectively to the roads, bridges, rail lines and similar public works that are required for an industrial economy to function. Transportation, communication, sewage, water and electric systems are all a part of infrastructure. These systems tend to be high-cost investments. In general, infrastructure is location-specific and cannot be moved from place to place (www.unescap.org). Transportation infrastructure cannot operate without transportation and transportation cannot run without transportation infrastructure. Different transportations have their own infrastructure to support each other. For air transportation, their infrastructure will be the airport. Port will be the infrastructure for water transportation while infrastructure for land transportation such as public bus will be the bus terminal or bus stop. Transport infrastructure development in East and South-East Asia has played a key part in the phenomenal growth of world trade. The infrastructure backbone for international trade has been the container shipping network and increasingly the airfreight network. World container port traffic, which expanded by 9.2 per cent to 266 million TEUs in 2003, is dominated by Asian countries. They accounted for 46 per cent of container ship operations, 62 per cent of container port throughput, and 83 per cent of container ship building. Twelve major South and East Asian exporters together account for half of the worlds containerized exports (www.unescap.org). Bus terminal or known as bus station  is one of the most important transportation infrastructure where  buses  stop to pick up and drop off passengers. It may be intended as a  terminal or station  for a number of routes or as a transfer station where the routes continue. It is larger than bus stop where bus stop is usually built at the road side for the bus to stop for a while but not to wait for passengers. Tel Avivs new central bus station was officially inaugurated recently, after 26 years of off-and-on construction, legal and financial disputes (Encyclopedia.com). A majority of the Dan and Egged Tel Aviv-area buses are now based at the new station; 5,000 buses pass through the station daily, carrying some 150,000 passengers. The station is the largest bus station in the world, encompassing 197,600 square meters indoors, and 34,400 square meters outdoors (Encyclopedia.com). The largest underground bus station in Europe is  Kamppi Center  of  Helsinki,  Finland  completed in 2006. The terminal cost 100 million Euro to complete and took 3 years to design and build. Today, the bus terminal, which covers 25,000 square meters, is the busiest bus terminal in Finland. Every day, the terminal has around 700 bus departures, transporting some 170,000 passengers (www.webcitation.org). Since bus station play a vital role in strengthening the volume of traffic as well as in providing better services to the passenger, the bus service undertakings, specially in the public sector, should come up and encourage the emergence of the bus station management as an independent discipline in the field of traffic management. (Kulshrestha, 1993, p.9) Penang, as most of us may already know, is one of Malaysias most popular destinations for travelers coming from the local or the international communities (Talk Malaysia 2010). One of the main reasons for Penang to have so many travelers coming and going out annually is partly because there are a lot of interesting places to visit in Penang. Most of the interesting places in Penang are located at mainly around Georgetown and Seberang Perai (www.talkmalaysia.com). Therefore, transport infrastructure especially bus terminal or station in Georgetown play an important role in order to pick up and drop off passengers from a destination to another destination. This is because Penang has traffic problem, therefore public transport are used. Komtar Bus Terminal is the hub of bus services in George Town. All the bus routes of Penang radiates from this terminal. To be exact, Komtar Bus Terminal is not a terminal proper, but rather a bus station, because buses do not actually start from here, but rather, from the Weld Quay Bus Terminal. Nevertheless, most people will know it by that name. At the Komtar Bus Terminal, you can catch buses going to the north, central, south and west parts of Penang Island, as well as some buses that go to the mainland. Among the bus companies that use the terminal includes Rapid Penang, Milan, Transit Link and KGN-Hin. The terminal is located along Lebuh Tek Soon, although buses approach it via Jalan Ria and they emerge from the terminal into Jalan Ria once more (www.penang-traveltips.com). As a bus stop user, not satisfied with bus terminal in Georgetown. Some of the same complaint had been made by locals and tourists too. This is because they have the difficulties in determine which bus to ride in order to reach their destination. Therefore, this study is to find out what are the factors which make the tourists satisfied and not satisfied with the bus terminals in Penang. This study also includes, to identify the present condition of transport infrastructure, the cleanliness in the bus terminals and the safety and security in the bus terminals. From these factors, this study is able to conclude what are their expectations towards bus stop in order to let the government make improvement. 1.2 Statement of Problem Transport and traffic management have always been a bone of contention for Penang. Many feel that rapid economic development has not been met with an equal amount of attention given to proper traffic management and planning. There are about 1.4 million vehicles (motorcycles, cars and other vehicles) for a population of about 1.4 million people in Penang. This is about double the number of vehicles in 1999 (Sympologic, 2008). For the above reason, public transportation had played a very important role to reduce the traffic in Penang. But without a good infrastructure, public transportation will not be able to run smoothly. There are 2 main transport infrastructures for bus in Georgetown which are Komtar Bus Terminal and Weld Quay Bus Terminal. But, locals and tourists are not satisfied with the bus terminals in Georgetown. This is because there are no proper route information and bus timetable. It is difficult especially for tourists to identify which bus to ride in order to reach their destination. Tourists always have to ask the bus driver one by one to ask for the destination. This had slow down the traffic also. Besides, from the observation, the bus terminals are not well-maintained in term of cleanliness and safety. 1.3 Goal Objectives The goal of this research is to study tourists satisfactions and expectations towards bus terminals in Penang. In order to achieve the above goal, there are some objectives need to be done. To examine tourists satisfactions towards bus terminals To examine tourists expectations towards the bus terminals To examine the present condition of bus terminals To identify the cleanliness in the bus terminals To identify the safety and security in the bus terminals 1.4 Hypothesis From the objectives above, the below are the hypotheses which had concluded: Locals and tourists are not satisfied with the bus terminals. Locals and tourists have high expectations on the bus terminals in term of cleanliness and security. There is no proper route information or sign board in the bus terminals. The bus terminals are not clean. The bus terminals are not secure. The above hypotheses are made based on my own experiences and observation. Significance of the Study This research is able to let the government and private sector to make improvement on the bus terminals in order to let them become truly efficient. From the questionnaires which will be distribute and collected, they able to tell us the satisfaction level and expectation of locals and tourists towards the bus terminals. From their expectation, the improvement can be made. For example by putting up the route information and sign board, locals and tourists able to know which bus to ride to reach their destination. Besides, clean the bus terminals daily so that locals and tourists will feel comfortable and assign more security to secure the bus terminals. When the improvements have made, the locals and tourists will have the chance to use better bus terminals. All these will make the business of the bus increase too. 1.6 Scopes and Limitations of the Study The scopes for my research are Penangites and tourists in Penang. Penangites and tourists who are the user of bus terminals are targeted. 80% Penangites and 20% tourists are chosen to carry out this research. In order to complete this research, distribution of questionnaires will be made to these 2 groups of people mentioned above. Besides, observation in the bus terminals will be done by my own selves too. The bus terminals in Georgetown which would like to research on are Komtar Bus Terminal and Weld Quay Bus Terminal. These are the two popular bus terminals in Georgetown which crowded by people every day. This is because these are the two main stops which the bus will pick and drop passenger. There are also limitations for this research. The first limitation is resources. There is very few information on books, journals or articles about transportation infrastructure. The next limitation will be the time. Only 5 months to complete this research. Last but not least, the limitation is the manpower. I am the only one who doing this research. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Transport and Tourism Page (2005) said that transport act as one of the important that contributed to the international development of tourism. According to Page (2007), the mode of transport can be one of the main motivations for the tourists to travel. He also said that in the growth of domestic and international tourism, transport is the most critical element in the promotion. He continued said that transport links the tourist from the origin area with the destination area. Therefore it enables the holidaymaker, business traveler and other categories of traveler to purchase the products and experience what they have purchased. He added that transport may be an attraction in its own right. Tourists who travel by road may use public transport or private transport to experience a variety of destinations. 2.2 Transport and Tourism in Penang, Malaysia A combination of East and West, Penang continues to grow in modernity but at the same time holding its traditions and old charm. Recently, because of the harmony of multiracial in Penang and the heritage buildings which are well preserved, these make the Georgetown being accorded a listing as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. Penang, long regarded as the food capital of Malaysia, it also attracts tourists with its beautiful beaches and delicious cuisines (www.tourismpenang.net.my). Transportation in Penang is convenient. You can travel in or out of Penang by the well-connected of road, rail, sea and air. Not only the air and train service is good in Penang but the seaways also offer good transportation. Ferry and seaports are there to create convenient to the people in Penang and Buttterworth. Penang ferry is provided by the Penang Ferry Service that connects George Town, Penang and Butterworth. There are four terminals, one on Penang Island (Swettenham Pier) and three on the mainland. Next, railway act as one of the transportation in Penang, but they are not popular due to their low speed. Besides, international flights are available in Penang International Airport which situated in the Bayan Lepas area of Penang, Malaysia (www.asiarooms.com). Goh (2010) said that traffic jams in Penang especially the major roads including Jalan Burma, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Jalan Jelutong and Jalan Mesjid Negeria re common although the population is small. Outside the city, jams are found even in Bayan Lepas and Telok Kimbar. He added that although the Jelutong Express Way had provided some relief to Jalan Jelutong and Jalan Mesjid Negeri, but the costs to Penangnites have yet to be calculated, although the highway is touted to be free. He suggested that Penang should follow the example of Crutiba. Crutiba is a city where the people rely on buses to avoid traffic jam. Recently, Rapid Penang buses are introduced for those who do not have car or have chosen not to use their cars. 2.2 Public Transportation Zegeer (2002) said that good public transportation is an important to the quality of a community as good roads. According Ramanathan and Parikh (1999, cited in Ramanathan, 2001; Banister and Berechman, 2001; Ramanathan and Parikh, 1999; Eisner, 1991), transport is a vital element for the modern society now and key to sustained economic growth. But, Ortuzar and Willumsen (2001) argued that the world of transport still face many problems of the past such as congestion, pollution, accidents, financial deficits and so on. They continued said that these problems will not get away until the traffic management improved. Figure 1 Car and Public-transport vicious circle Car and Public-transport vicious circle cited in Ortà ºzar, J.d.D., Willumsen, L.G., 2001, p. 8 They continue said that the transport problems have spread widely in both industrialized and developing countries. According to them, fuel shortages which are temporarily not a problem, but the increase in road traffic and transport demand has resulted in congestion, delays, accidents and environmental problems well beyond what has been considered acceptable so far. These problems have not been controlled to roads and car traffic alone. They added that economic growth seems to have generated levels of demand exceeding the capacity of most transport facilities. They continue argued that these problems are not likely to disappear in the near future. They suggested that it is necessary to ensure that a major effort in improving most forms of transport, in urban and inter-urban contexts. With respect to the quality of prices and services, transport services have been traditionally been subject to tight economic regulation with respect to entering and exciting the market. In many countries, road and rail networks and airport and port systems are traditionally designed, built, and operated by the public sector itself, which is the ultimate form of regulation. This type of government intervention has resulted in excessive costs that are not matched by prices or quality, therefore creating an outcome that reflects the interests of the sectors civil servants of contractors, unions, and other interests groups more than preferences of users and taxpayers (Estache and Rus, 2000). According to UITP (2004), government and public transport share a same goal to make sure the public transport is accessible to all especially the traffic environments have to be well-designed and managed to let the people to reach and use public transport safely and with confidence. UITP suggested that government and the public transport community to work together to reduce not only the physical but also the psychological barriers such as cognitive, information, fear and discrimination to travel safely in cities. UITP continues said that at any one time, an average of 25% of the population may have a degree of reduced mobility due to a physical or mental disability, impaired sight or hearing, or through having to carry heavy bags or travel with small children. UITP added, physical and sensory disabilities are often related to age and, as is well known, the proportion of the elderly population in western countries is growing and will continue to do so well into the 21st century. These are clear of the importance of improving accessibility to transport systems. According to UITP, benefits from improvements in transport accessibility are accrued not just to the disabled and ageing communities, but to all clients of the transport system. 2.3 Transport infrastructure Traditionally, building extra capacity has been addressed due to the blockages in transport infrastructure. But the possibility is small for the further expansion of infrastructure in many urban areas where the demand for transport is highest. Furthermore, a number of reports have found that the construction of new roads and airports to relieve congestion is ineffective because it only serves to induce new traffic. On the other hand, a study undertaken by a Norwegian research organization, the SINTEF Group claims that infrastructure capacity increases are directly linked to decreases in polluting emissions from motor vehicles. Using a traffic micro-simulation, it showed, for example, that upgrading narrow, winding roads or adding a lane to a congested motorway can yield decreases of up to 38% in CO2 emissions, 67% in CO emissions and 75% in NOx emissions, without generating substantially more car trips (EurActiv.com, 2008). According to Cà ¡rcamo-Dà ­az and Goddard (2007, cited in IADB, 2000), Infrastructure, defined as the set of engineering structures, equipment and facilities with a long-term, useful life employed by households and the different productive sectors of the economy, is essential for economic growth (cited in Easterly and Serven, 2003) and integration. As pointed out by IADB (2002), there is a positive relationship across countries between income levels and the quality of infrastructure. According to Tanzi (2005), the implicit assumption about the direction of causation goes from infrastructure to growth, although this issue is still debated in the literature. In many cases, the objective of transport infrastructure investment is to improve the accessibility of a given region by reducing travel time or increasing the potential to travel. Accessibility can be measured as the quantity of economic or social activities that can be reached using the transport labor, leading to increased competition and centralization. On the other hand, the impact for region concerned could be both positive and negative, depending on its initial level competitiveness (OECD, 2002). According to ITF and OECD (2008), there are some features of surface transport infrastructure that make its provision distinct from many other areas of the economy and which will likely have to be accounted for when different models are being considered. They claimed that transport system does not exist for their own sake but rather to serve other economic and social activity, this is because transport is a derived demand. This means that the possible wider implications of capacity shortages in, and overall standard of, the transport system, must be taken into consideration in the design if any model for providing transport infrastructure. 2.4 Transport Infrastructure in Different Countries 2.4.1 Luxembourg The pressure of congestion, excessive strain on transport infrastructure and environmental have led to a challenge due to a large and increasing number of commuters (OECD, 2008c). These pressures stem from both resident and cross-border commutes, which are broadly similar in number. High and increasing number of commutes among residents is reflected in Europes highest car ownership rate and one of the highest annual distances covered by automobile per capita. For cross-border commutes, 85% are made in passenger cars without use of public transport. These patterns lead to alarming levels of congestion on the main road transport corridors and there are now severe bottlenecks at the entrance to urban areas, notably in the city of Luxembourg. This results in wasted time, unsafe driving conditions, noise and high levels of emission and local air pollution (OECD, 2010). 2.4.2 France According to Willis (2010), the transport infrastructure in France is one of the most modernized to be found anywhere in Europe and this makes international freight movements streamlined and effective. In the area of modern tramways, France is a world leader in railway technology. Rail transport is therefore always a best option for shipping companies and freight forwarders operating in France. The transport network is built as a web, with Paris at the center. There is a total of nearly 32,000 kilometers of track in France, most of which is operated by the French railway company, SNCF. Over the last twenty years, a set of high speed LGV (lignes a grande vitesse) have been constructed to connect most parts of France with Paris. There are same gauge rail links to adjacent countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and Sweden, as well as the Channel Tunnel link with the UK. The TGV, the French high speed train has broken world speed records is a sign of the way that France is a tr ue global leader in rail transport. For freight transport, rail is a model in France. 2.4.3 Germany According to Willis (2009), Germany has a transport infrastructure that is the envy of the world and this has helped enable the development of a highly effective freight services industry. The phrase Germanic is often used as a byword for efficiency and with good reason, if the freight services industry in Germany is seen as a measure. He continued said that when consider that it is less than twenty years since the Berlin Wall came down and East Germany started its process of integration within Germany, the efficiency of the transport network throughout the country is all the more remarkable. There is a very efficient network of waterways, railways and motorways that make internal connections fast and straightforward and also connect Germany with other countries throughout the world. 2.4.4 Middle East Timon Singh (2010) claimed that the Middle East and North Africa region has invested heavily in its transport infrastructure and for the likes of the UAE in particular over the past few years. He continued claimed that the money has gone into planes and trains in order to better improve between states, but to turn the region into both a business and tourist hub. Air traffic in the Middle East is the fastest growing in the world, and in order to cater for the increasing number of passengers at their various airports and thus improving their general transport infrastructure, the UAE has been implementing various aviation projects. According to him, rail is another part of the regions transport infrastructure that has gathered support in the Middle East from Dubais Metro System to plans for an expansive network connecting the GCC states. Qatar and Bahrain have one of the most ambitious projects, combining both rail and metro lines, which is set to transform the emirate into a major transport hub. The project, which is rumored to be costing over US$36.6 billion (QR133.5 billion) and estimated to take six years, is expected to be finished in phases over the next six years, with three major sections being the focus of the scheme the metro network within Greater Doha, the over-ground railways covering the whole of Qatar and then, linking it to the rest of the GCC region and cargo trains. 2.4.5 London, United Kingdom McDougall (2010) asked how do cities meet the needs of a growing population, promote diverse and healthy communities, improve the environment and tackle climate change. The answer is its a tall order and one that London is tackling head on with their aptly named London Plan. He said that the London Plan sets out to ensure that Londons transport is easy, safe and convenient and encourages cycling, walking and electric vehicles. The ambitious plan sets out the overall strategic direction for an integrated economic, environmental, transport and social framework for the development of London over the next 20-25 years. He continues said that the London Plan identifies what are termed Opportunity Areas in and around Londons major reservoirs of brown-field land. These areas are characterized by their potential to accommodate new housing, commercial and other development linked to existing or potential improvements to public transport accessibility. It is important to make sure that they can be developed without undue additional pressure on Londons already-crowded public transport, or on the limited funds available for anything beyond committed transport improvements. 2.4.6 India According to Pradhan (2010), transport is a key infrastructure in the present study, as causes energy consumption as well as economic growth in India. Therefore, he suggested that increasing transport facility along with energy consumption will lead to more economic growth in India. The achievement of higher economic growth through transport infrastructure and energy consumption could be due to its various direct and indirect benefits in the economy. But he claimed that the level of transport infrastructure is not so good, both in quantity and quality, in contrast to developed countries in the world. He suggested that if there is sufficient transport infrastructure in the economy, the result would be much better. He continued suggested that a suitable transport policy should be required urgently to boost economic growth and to maintain sustainable economic development in the country since transport infrastructure is a big deal to economic growth. 2.4.7 Malaysia The greatest advantage to manufacturers in Malaysia has been the nations persistent drive to develop and upgrade its infrastructure. Over the years, these investments have paid off and serious bottlenecks have been avoided. Today, Malaysia can boast of having one of the well-developed infrastructures among the newly industrializing countries of Asia (www.mida.gov.my). The latest development of Kuala Lumpur Sentral has become a futuristic self-contained city, providing the perfect live, work and play environment. A modern transportation hub integrating all major rail transport networks, including the Express Rail Link to the KLIA and Putrajaya, the governments new administrative center. Besides, the Peninsular Malaysias network of well-maintained highways is a gain to industries. These highways link major growth centers to seaports and airports throughout the peninsula and provide an efficient means of transportation for goods. (www.mida.gov.my). Malaysias central location in the Asia Pacific region makes her an ideal gateway to Asia. Air cargo facilities are well-developed in the five international airports the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), Penang International Airport and Langkawi International Airport in Peninsular Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu International Airport in Sabah, and Kuching International Airport in Sarawak. Malaysias biggest airport, the KLIA, surrounded by four main cities of Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam, Seremban and Melaka has a capacity of handling 25 million passengers and up to 8 million tons of cargo per year. Cargo import and export procedures are fully automated at the KLIA to cut down delivery time (www.mida.gov.my). Recently, Rapid Penang has introduced a state-of-the-art Intelligent Commuter Information System (ICIS), which provides real-time information on the arrival times of buses at terminals in Penang. The ICIS system, the first of its kind used by stage bus companies in the country, would enable some 75,000 commuters who use Rapid Penang buses daily to plan their journey more efficiently. It proved to be a success and has since been expanded for usage at the Komtar bus terminal, which sees the highest number of people boarding buses daily. A total of 200 buses operate from the Komtar bus terminal on a daily basis. The ICIS display system uses global positioning system (GPS) to map out the movement of all Rapid Penang buses and calculate the exact time of arrival of each bus at the Komtar bus terminal. The ICIS display system will later be extended to other strategic areas throughout the state including the possibility of having it installed in shopping complexes (newstraitstimes, 2010). 2.5 Bus Stop and Bus Terminal There are bus stops all over the Penang and there are three main bus terminals for buses in Penang, Malaysia. They are Weld Quay Terminal, Komtar Bus Terminal and Sungai Nibong Terminal. According to Zegeer (2002), a well-designed transit routes a reachable stops are essential to usable system. He continues said that bus stops should be located at intervals that are convenient for passengers for safety purpose and should be comfortable places for people to wait. UITP (2004 cited in Grenoble, 2004) argued that if the related infrastructure is inaccessible or inappropriately designed, much of the accessible vehicles will lost. Grenoble has carried out extensive research and development work to design tram and bus stops, starting some 20 years ago. The principle adopted by Grenoble was that the bus services should be made as accessible as the tram. According to Grenoble, the design standards found to be most effective for accessible bus stops were 14m(standard bus) and 20m(articulated bus) for overall length of bus boarding platform, 2.1m(minimum) and 2.6m(if a shelter is provided) for overall breadth of boarding platform, 3% for gradient of access ramp at end of platform, 21cm for height of boarding area, 60cm back from front edge of boarding area for safety line and 1.1m(minimum) and 1.3m(preferred) for clear space between front end of bus shelter and front edge of boarding area. Zegeer (2002) said that besides the bus stop signing, a bus shelter with seating, trash receptacles, and bicycle parking are also desirable features. He suggested that bus stops should be highly visible locations where pedestrian can reach them easily by means of accessible travel routes. Therefore, a complete sidewalks system is essential to support a public transportation system. Convenient crossings are also important. He continued suggested that proper placement of bus stops is key to user safety. For example, placing the bus stops on the near side of intersections or crosswalk may block pedestrians view of approaching traffic, and approaching drivers view of pedestrians. Approaching motorists may be unable to stop in time when a pedestrian steps from in front of a stopped bus into the traffic lanes at the intersection. Far-side bus stops generally encourage pedestrians to cross behind the bus. Reallocating the bus stop to the far side of the intersection can improve pedestrian safely since it climates the sight-distance restriction caused by the bus. Placing bus stops at the far aside of intersections can also improve motored vehicle operation. Besides, he also suggested that the bus stops should be fully accessible to pedestrians in wheelchairs, should have paved connections to sidewalks where landscape buffers exist, and should not block pedestrian travel on the sidewalk. Adequate room should exist to operate wheelchair lift. Yet, it is also useful to install curb ramps at bus stops so that a passenger can board from the street if bus-lift deployment is blocked. According to Iles (2005), problem may arise at bus stations which are used as intermediate stops for buses passing through the town or city when services are operated to schedule. Iles gave an example on when a full bus with a few passengers drop enter the station, they have the capacity to pick up same number

Marketing Consumer Group: Child Help Organization Inc.

ChiledHelp.org is a foundation that prevents and treat abused children.   ChildHelp.org has a mission to, â€Å"to meet the physical, emotional, educational, and spiritual needs of abused and neglected children. We do so by focusing our efforts in the areas of treatment, prevention, and research.†[1]  Ã‚   They function on the premises that: every child has a purpose to help the community, giving unconditional love is the beginning of healing, and that these unfortunate children deserve the best that the community can give.[2]This wasn’t always how Childhelp.org was.ChildHelp.org was founded in 1959 by two American actresses, Sara O'Meara and Yvonne Fedderson.   It started when they went to Japan after the war to entertain the US troops, a practice to maintain the morale of the soldiers.   While they were there, they noticed 11 desperate orphaned Amerasian children on the street suffering the cold.   Out of the kindness of their hearts, they decided to bring t hem to an orphanage, later on realizing that these 11 orphans had been rejected by the orphanages due to lack of space and the ethnicity of the 11 children.   Eventually, they found a woman in a hut who was already caring for Amerasian children.   Mama Kin, as she was called, made an agreement with the 2 actresses to take in the 11 children if O’Meara and Fedderson could find financial support. [3]O’Meara and Fedderson did and their efforts were recognized resulting in the establishment of 4 orphanages under their lead in Japan.At that time, they were called International Orphans, Inc. (IOI).   In 1966, they were invited to the White House and were asked to do the same thing for Vietnamese-American children.   They were able to build 6 orphanages, but when the Americans pulled out of Vietnam, the actresses were instrumental in the â€Å"Baby Lift† Operation wherein the Vietnamese children were pulled and were adopted off to very willing and loving Americ an parents.[4]In 1978, the foundation was asked by the White House to put their attention and efforts to abused children in the United States.   This is the point where they changed the focus of their foundation, from orphans to abused children and thus they changed their name to ChildHelp.org.[5]Since then ChildHelp.org has created numerous programs to help abused and neglected children.   They have advocacy centers in 8 regions, namely, Michigan, California, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, Virginia, Washington D.C, and Arizona which houses two centers, one in Phoenix and the other in their headquarters in Scottsdale.   Each center coordinates with other institutions in the area.For instance, in Phoenix, a partnership has been established between Child Help and Safe Child Center at Flagstaff Medical Center to attend to tribal rural areas.   In Georgia, the Good Touch / Bad Touch program, a violence prevention program and now considered a premium educational product, is being endorsed and given to schools by ChildHelp.org so that the children, as well as the teachers and administrators can be properly educated about sexual abuse.[6]   In Tennessee, a foster family program is being endorsed so that sexually abused children can live in a safe foster home.These kinds of programs that involve the community are one of the ways that ChildHelp.org creates awareness throughout the community.Another strategy that they use, which is often used by most people, is that they have Hollywood celebrities to endorse their product.   In the case of ChildHelp.org it is not a product that they are promoting but they are creating awareness by using their celebrity patrons.   Due to the founders Hollywood connections, a movie was created to pay tribute to the work of O’Meara and Fedderson.   This movie, entitled For the Love of a Child, was an immediate eye opener for the whole of America.   With this movie, not only was the problem of child abuse put to the forefront, but also, the mission of ChildHelp.org was advertised to allow people to contribute to and help these abused children.Another way of promoting and pushing the cause of ChildHelp.org is by affiliating companies and corporation to the program allowing the employees to donate via their employers to ChildHelp.org.   Apart from a straight donation, people can buy items from ChildHelp.org, the profits of which will go to their programs or people can volunteer for programs or become a foster parent. [7]ChilHelp.org has gone a long way from Japan and its orphanages.   It cannot be doubted the effort that Sara O'Meara and Yvonne Fedderson have put into this foundation, making them extremely deserving of the Nobel Peace Prize.   From these two people a lot of children have been given proper futures and families.   It started in a small hut Japan and transformed into a fortress of love and care.   It has also transformed itself numerous times to address the needs of childr en, whatever they may be, in Asia and in America.   Although, the focus may have changed from orphanages to abused children, the core remains the same – children have a purpose and with enough love from the community they will be able to achieve it.Reference:ChildHelp.Org. 12 September 2007.   Child Help Inc.. 12 September 2007. < http://www.childhelp.org/home>Good Touch/ Bad Touch. 12 September 2007.   Child Help Inc. 12 September 2007. â€Å"For the Love of a Child†.   LifetimeTV.com. 12 September 2007.   12 September 2007.https://childhelp.6connex.com/event/SpeakUpBeSafe/login

Conjugating Diriger (to Direct) in French

In French, the verb  diriger  means to direct. Its a simple word, though conjugating it to the past, present, or future tense can be a little tricky. Thats because there are a few spelling changes that you need to watch out for. Dont worry, though, a  quick lesson will show you how to handle this verb. Conjugating the French Verb  Diriger Diriger  is a  spelling change verb  and it follows the pattern of other verbs that end in -ger. This includes  dà ©ranger  (to disturb)  and  bouger  (to move), among others. The spelling change is subtle  but important. As you study the table of conjugations, notice how a few forms follow the G with an I rather than an E. This is done to ensure that the G is pronounced with a soft sound because certain vowels typically change it to a hard sound. With that in mind, simply match the subject pronoun with the present, future, or imperfect past tense. For instance, I direct is je dirige and we will direct is nous dirigerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dirige dirigerai dirigeais tu diriges dirigeras dirigeais il dirige dirigera dirigeait nous dirigeons dirigerons dirigions vous dirigez dirigerez dirigiez ils dirigent dirigeront dirigeaient The Present Participle of  Diriger To change  diriger  to the  present participle, add -ant  to the verb stem to create  dirigeant. This is quite versatile as it acts as a verb, adjective, gerund, or noun as needed. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense directed is with the passà © composà ©. To form this, add the  past participle  dirigà ©Ã‚  to the subject pronoun and appropriate conjugation of the  auxiliary verb  avoir. For example, I directed is jai dirigà © and we directed is nous avons dirigà ©. Notice how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and the past participle does not change. More Simple  Diriger  Conjugations There may also be times when you need to use one of the following conjugations. The subjunctive verb mood is useful when there is some degree of uncertainty to the verb. Likewise, the conditional is used when it may or may not happen because the action depends on something. Those are used more often than the other two forms. Its likely that you will only encounter the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dirige dirigerais dirigeai dirigeasse tu diriges dirigerais dirigeas dirigeasses il dirige dirigerait dirigea diriget nous dirigions dirigerions dirigemes dirigeassions vous dirigiez dirigeriez dirigetes dirigeassiez ils dirigent dirigeraient dirigrent dirigeassent To express  diriger  in commands or requests, use the imperative form. When doing so, the subject pronoun is not required, so you can use dirige rather than  tu dirige. Imperative (tu) dirige (nous) dirigeons (vous) dirigez

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